1. Introduction 2. Basic Review of Internal Combustion Engines 3. Formation Mechanism of Pollutant Emissions 4. Emissions Measurement Methods and Instrumentation 5. SI-in-Cylinder Measures 6. SI-Aftertreatment Measures 7. Diesel-in-Cylinder Measures 8. Diesel-Aftertreatment Measures 9. Alternative Fuels 10. Alternative Combustion Concepts 11. Numerical Problems